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Last updated: 08/18/98 Designed by: Davis's Ent. |
Read the DISCLAIMER before proceeding. BioNotes – Spring ’97 Semester Exam #1 – Scheduled for ??? (yup… here they are!!!!) Created and typed up for your reading and studying enjoyment by: P iNoy Copyright © 1997 - SoxBox Productions, Inc. -- Pinoy and the "PiNoY" logo are registered trademarks of SoxBox Productions, Inc.(who else would be this crazy to type up all these notes and then POST them for everyone to have?) Beginning notes and the usual: Well, we’re all back for the Spring ’97 Semester for more fun BIO!!! (Well maybe not all of us…) I’ll get my usual greets out in a minute after you read all the standard disclaimer stuff. And by the way, stop spending all your time trying to figure out the greets – you’re SUPPOSED to be STUDYING!!!! Disclaimer: I, PiNoy , the author of this document release myself from any liability of stress, trauma, injury (be it physical OR mental), loss of limbs, or death – besides FAILING the test because of reading this document. To the best of his knowledge, the information contained in this THING is as accurate as possible. The reader should understand, however, that the writer, like the reader himself/herself is ALSO human, and is therefore liable to mistakes. To sum up all that politically correct bullshit, if you fail, you can’t blame me. In fact, if you were reading these BioNotes on the way to the test and you tripped over the curb (really stupid), then you STILL can’t blame me. As a matter of fact, if you trip on the curb on the way to the test, then a car runs over you and gets away with one of your arms, and then you BLEED to death, you STILL can’t blame me. But, I doubt that’s ever going to happen, so oh well. I least I covered my ass.Note to the reader: These notes, as weird as it may seem, are NOT a substitute for going to class or reading the text. Although they are probably cooler than any bio book that you’ve ever read, that STILL doesn’t mean that you can not go to class and then read these the day before the test and know everything. THAT WILL GUARANTEE YOUR FAILURE. (Gee… I wonder where you’ve seen something like THAT before…? Try the inside cover of your Hamlet CLIFF NOTES… J ) P.S. Dr. Ghosh ROCKS!!!!!! à I would just like you to duly note that Dr. Ghosh has NO form of organization of notes WHATSOEVER -- He doesn't go with the book, or with his lecture notes… This may be EXTREMELY hard to follow. Ok… FLIP the page for more PHUN!!!!
Welcome to the wonderful world of PLANTS!!! (Notes straight from the mouth of Dr. GHOSH)
Answers to the questions that he gave us… : (yup… ALL of them!!! J Enjoy!) Set Number 1 (Questions 1 through 75)
NOTE: Dr. Ghosh's notes are WRONG here. He originally put ALGAE under these Cryptogams, BUT THEY ARE NOT PLANTS IN THE FIRST PLACE!!! They go under Kingdom Protista!!
2. What is the five kingdom concept? Here it is:
3. Who proposed the "Five Kingdom" concept? Two dudes names Whittaker and Margolis (1976) (Note that FUNGI was actually under plants… It was only later when they got moved into their own kingdom…)
4. Why were Fungi excluded from Plantae? Because Fungi have absolutely NO chlorophyll and the fungal cell wall is made up of a material called CHITIN (CHEET-IN or KAI-TIN… it doesn't matter WHICH way you pronounce it…), which doesn't appear in any other plants, but instead, in insects… (It's in their exoskeletons that makes them go CrUnCh when you squish them.)
5. What is Chitin? It is a type of material found in the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeletons of most insects.
6. What is the unit of a fungal body? A hypha. Plural is hyphae, and a "mat" of it is called a mycelium.
7. What is the difference between a septate and an aseptate hyphae? Septate hyphae have a wall called a septum between each cell nuclei. Aseptate (or coenocytic) do not.
8. Cite on example of Zygomycetes. An example is the common Rhizopus, a.k.a. BREAD MOLD.
9. What is an ascus? In sac fungi, or Ascomycetes, it is the "sac" where the ascospores are stored.
10. What is dikaryotization? In dikaryotization, DNA from both parents is NOT recombined to create a new "heterogeneous" DNA. They both stay in the cell, but instead of fusing to become 2n (diploid chromosomes), it is actually considered n + n.
11. What is a basidium? It is a transient diploid stage in the organism's life cycle. It means "little pedestal". If you cut up part of the mushroom cap (the basidiocarp), and magnify it, you'll see pedestal shaped structure on which the basidiospores are. This pedestal is the basidium.
12. Under which fungal class is the common edible mushroom included? Basidiomycetes, or CLUB Fungi
13. What is the "Silver spoon test"? It was a test performed to see if fungi (mushrooms) found like in the forest or something were toxic. In the old days, the cook would dip in a silver spoon into where the mushrooms were. If it turned black, something was reacting in the "soup" with the spoon, so the mushrooms were TOXIC.
14. What kind of nutritional mode is noted in fungi? Fungi get their nutrition from being saprophytes and parasites. They function as pathogens and decomposers. For example, Athlete's Foot, the fungal skin disease that some people get, is actually a parasitic fungi.
15. Where do you find zygospores? The zygospores are created when two mating strands of Zygomycetes come together. These little things are the zygote stage of zygosporangia. They look like tiny little "mines" or "depth charges".
16. State some uses of fungi. Uses include baking bread (it is used to make the bread "rise"), brewing beer, and in antibiotics (like Penicillin)
17. Name the fungi which produce the following: Penicillin, Ergometrine, Ergotamine, LSD. The antibiotic Penicillin comes from the fungi Penicillius. The other three come from a fungi called Clariceps (I dunno… don't ask me…)
18. What is the scientific name of "Baker's Yeast"? Saccharomyes (SACCHARO means sugar, while MYCES means fungi)
19. What is a basidiocarp? It is the "cap" of any CLUB Fungi (Basidiomycetes).
20. What are lichens? Lichens are common, brightly colored organisms in which an ascomycete (rarely other fungi) lives symbiotically with a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium. (I don't know what the get from each other though…)
21. What is 'Mycosis'? A fungal skin disease like "Athlete's foot".
22. What is the basis of the classification of algae? The COLOR of the algae. The phyla are divided into Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae), Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae), and Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae).
23. State some examples of unicellular, colonial, and filamentous algae. Unicellular algae are single, unattached cells that may or may not be motile. EX: Chlamydomonas Colonial algae are tons of single cells hooked together that move together. EX: Volvox Filamentous algae form a single line, like a piece of string. EX: Spirogyra 24. In which algal genus do you find 'Evolution of sex in water'? Chlamydomonas. It can occur as either:
25. What is a stigma or "eye-spot"? It is a part of the chlamydomonas that senses light.
26. What is a scalaariform conjugation? Means that the conjugation between two separate strands of something can be found BETWEEN the two strands, or, like in a ladder, the rungs of the ladder.
27. Where do you find spirally coiled chloroplasts? It can be found in Spirogyra.
28. What are the motile organs in Chlamydomonas? The FLAGELLA. (duhh…)
29. How does the Spirogyra reproduce asexually? When strands of Spirogyra become cut, new strands immediately start coming off of the cut.
30. What are the major divisions of Diatoms? The two different forms are Centris (which are circular and go outward) and Pinnate (which has a "feather-like" structure)
31. What is the major constituent of the diatom cell wall? It is made mostly of SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide for those of you who are "Chemistry-Impaired" -- Like myself…)
32. What is Diatomite? Mention its major uses? It is a crust like structure that is deposited at the bottom of the ocean, made of Diatoms. It is used to make tooth paste (it's the abrasive media in it), sugar (used in refining sugar), fluorescent paint (really makes it shine with that added touch of Diatomite), and for the carrying of TNT (sound like "dynamite", doesn't it?) J
33. What is a phytoplankton? They are unicellular floating algae that may be responsible for the destruction of the ozone layer at the poles.
34. Which flora constitute the major part of the producers of the marine food chain? Phytoplankton… (DUHH…) This is the stuff that lots of animals sift through the water to eat.
35 (A). What are the Charophytes? Cite on example. A type of green algae that most probably give rise to early plants. EX: Choleochoete Orbiculoris
36 (A). What are the nucule and globule? The nucule is the male reproductive structure, while the globule is the female globule structure.
35 (B). Who are the probable ancestors of Bryophytes? Charophytes, the algae from before, most probably did.
36 (B). How do you classify Bryophytes? Cite some examples. They are broken up into the following categories:
37. What is the ‘Doctrine of Signature’? It was a REALLY stupid thing that people thought of a LONG time ago. They though that plants named after parts of the body would cure it if it got sick. So, for example, they tried to use Liverworts to cure liver diseases. REALLY dumb, don’t ya think?
38. What generation is dominant among Bryophytes? In Bryophytes, it is the gametophytic generation. You see, Bryophytes have ALTERNATING GENERATIONS- the sporophytic and gametophytic.
39. How many sets of chromosomes are present in the major plant body in Bryophytes? N, meaning ONE set.
40. What is a capsule? A capsule is the part of the moss is the thing that is in mosses that look like a big stalk. Inside the capsule are the sporophytes, developed on the female gametophyte.
41. Describe the spore dispersal mechanism in a moss having elaters and peristone teeth. At maturity, the lid of the capsule pops off. There are structures inside the capsule called elaters which, when the humidity goes, it absorbs the water vapor and spits out to disperse the spores. The property of absorbing the water to do this is called hygroscopic. The teeth are on the "mouth" of the open capsule. These help to create more random dispersion of the spores.
42. What is a hygroscopic movement? Movement that is caused by the absorption of water from the air (Water Vapor).
43. How the mosses ensure better spore survival? I just TOLD you!!! The elaters and the peristone teeth. Actually, there’s something else behind those teeth. The classification of the moss depends on the size of the peristone teeth. There are actually TWO kinds. Oh yeah:
44. Name the earliest vascular plant. Cooksonia – a fern.
45. What are the major differences between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes? Bryophytes are mosses which are non-vascular, non-flowering, and very small. Pteridophytes are ferns, which have vascular tissues, leaf bearing sproangia, and leaves called FRONDS (which are coiled when very young – called circinate vernation). (p. 556) 46. What is a "club moss"? What is a "true moss"? A club moss, found in the class Lycophyta, is called a "club moss", and actually not a "true moss" because it may look like a moss, but it actually has vascular tissue. So, it’s placed in Pteridophyta rather than Bryophyta.
47. Why do we cosider lycopods "relics of the past"? There used to be giant lycopods, but they’re all extinct now… They used to be about 40 ft. tall, but now, they only grow to be about 6" to a foot at MAX. A bunch of fossils have been found to prove this, and today’s version looks just like a mini version of the original… The fossils are from the Devonian age.
48. What is Lepidodendron? It is the tree trunk of a giant lycopod.
49. What are the average height and diameter of a giant lycopod? From fossils, they’ve seen them to be as tall as 40 meters, while 2 meters in diameter. (p. 556) 50. What are homosporous and heterosporous ferns? Cite examples. Homosporous ferns can create only 1 kind of spore. An example is the bisexual gametophyte Lycopodium. (A single plant that produces BOTH reproductive units.) Heterosporous ferns create two different kinds of spores: The microspore (which is male), and the megaspore (which is female). An example of this is Selaginella. (REMEMBER that the microspore is always SMALLER than the megaspore! Microspore = sperm. Megaspore = egg.)
51. What is "Incipient Heterospory"? This simply means that they can easily CHANGE their homosporous / heterosporous characteristic based on what’s going on. If there are enough nutrients to get passed around, then the fern is usually heterosporous. In case of emergency, however, it can become homosporous. (p. 557) 52. Why were the gold prospectors interested in the distribution of Equisetum. Equisetum, or "horse tails" often collect a lot of minerals and metals from the earth. Miners used this to judge if there were goldmines near by.
53. What is a sorus? Brown spots on the fronds of ferns that, after maturity, contain sporangia.
54. What is an annulus? A specialized kind of cell that is used in the dispersal of spores by moving the sporangia apart to shoot spores through the openings. (Kinda like peristone teeth, I guess…)
55. In which plant group do you find "Circinate Verntion"? Ferns (Pteridophytes) and Cycads.
56. What are the two major similarities between a cycad and a fern? Cycads are angiosperms (NO leaf bearing sporangia.), while ferns are gymnosperms. Cycads bear CONES.
57. What is a prothallus? They are bisexual gametophyes in ferns???
58. What are the uses of Sphagnum? Sphagnum is commonly known as "bog moss". It is used in decoration and plant preservation. The spores can be used medicine. When pressed to the bottom of the earth for millions of years, they turn into oil and coal, etc.
59. How do you classify gymnosperms? Cite a couple examples, while you’re at it… Gymnosperms are classified as follows (p. 562): I. Ginkophyta – EX: Gingko II. Coniferophyta – EX: Pine trees III. Cycadophyta – EX: Cycads IV. Gnetophyta – EX: Gnetum
60. What is a living fossil? A "living fossil" refers to the fact that that species is the only one left in its phylum. In this case, Dr. Ghosh is referring to the species Gingko Biloba. (p. 563) 61. What are the uses of pine products? The most obvious one is WOOD (or as Dr. Ghosh would say, "OOOD!") You can also use it to make resinous substances (isn’t that what "resin" for violins is made of?), and gums ("Who want’s TRIDENT?"). Ohh yeah… then there’s PINE-SOL. THANK GOD FOR PINE-SOL. 62. What is a "shower of sulfur"? When microspores of pine trees are released (pine pollen grains), a lot of sulfur is also let out. This creates a thick "cloud" of sulfur referred to as a "shower" of sulfur. (This is what makes people have allergic reactions… GAZUNTITE!!! J )
63. What is Zooidogamy? In cycads (and some other plants), the sperm can move in different directions rapidly, depending on certain stimuli. This characteristic, to move like animal sperm, is called ZOOidogamy (zoo = animal).
64. Describe the morphology of pollen and pollination process in Pinus. The dispersed pollen has wings that help it float around and stuff. It is deposited into the megasporophyll to pollinate. It takes an unusually long time (9-15 months) for fertilization to occur after pollination.
65. What are the "cone-bearing" plants? Those in the phylum Coniferophyta. Cycads (Cycadophyta) also have "cones". (These are actually sporophylls that have sporangia inside.
66. What are the major differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms? Gymnosperms have exposed seeds. They go through conduction via tracheids. Angiosperms, however, have covered seeds. They transport material up and down via vessels (i.e. xylem and phloem) (p. 565) 67. What are the Angiospermic characteristics of Gnetum? The stigma of the Gnetum is very decorative and elaborate, which is uncommon. (vessels conduction agents; leaves???)
68. What is Ephedrin? A drug that lowers blood pressure. It is derived from a gymnosperm.
69. Why do we consider the flower to be a modified shoot? Primatively, the flower petals are simply an extension of the stem itself, used as protection, etc. These sex organs are leaf-like, and I guess they just all got together.
70. What are tracheids? The thin tube structure found primarily in gymnosperms that is the conducting element to bring water and nutrients to different parts of the plant.
71. State the major functions of the floral parts. Sepals (collectively known as the Calyx) – Protection of the bud. Also used for photosynthesis. Petals (collectively known as the Corolla) – Attracts pollinators, etc. Stamen – Pollen production (the male reproductive organ) Gynoecium – the production of the ovum and nutrition of zygote (the female reproductive organ). Anther – Head of the stamen.
72. What are Pteridosperms? They are a mix between pteridophytes (ferns) and gymnosperms (naked seed plants). They are mostly an ancestor of gymnosperms. Now extinct, they can only be seen in fossilized form.
73. Which age is considered the "Age of Ferns"? Carboniferous – Devonian + Siluvian ages
74. What is the function of the Calyx? To protect the bud and have photosynthesis.
75. What are the big differences between a dicot and a monocot?
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